Byzantium
The Byzantine Empire was the Greek-speaking Roman state ruled from Constantinople, held by the Palaiologoi since 1261. In 1337 Andronikos III held little of Asia Minor: Nicaea and Nicomedia had fallen to the Ottomans.
The Ottomans took Gallipoli in 1354 and Adrianople in 1369. Timur's victory at Ankara in 1402 gave a respite. Mehmed II stormed Constantinople on 29 May 1453, ending the empire; the Morea fell in 1460 and the breakaway Empire of Trebizond in 1461.
Characters
- Irene Palaiologina
- Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria
- Ivan II Smilets of Bulgaria
- Maria Asenina of Bulgaria
- Mitso Asen of Bulgaria
- Theodora Palaiologina
- Alexander of Byzantium
- Severus Alexander
- Alexios Apokaukos
- Alexios I Komnenos
- Alexios II Komnenos
- Alexios III Angelos
- Alexios IV Angelos
- Alexios Palaiologos
- Alexios Palaiologos
- Alexios Palaiologos
- Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlos
- Anastasius I Dicorus
- Anastasius II
- Andronikos Angelos Doukas
- Andronikos Asanes Palaiologos
- Andronikos Asen
- Andronikos Doukas
- Andronikos Doukas
- Andronikos I Komnenos
- Andronikos II Palaiologos
- Andronikos III Palaiologos
- Andronikos Kantakouzenos
- Andronikos Palaiologos
- Unnamed daughter of Isaac Angelos
- Anna of Hungary
- Anna Doukaina
- Anna Komnene Angelina
- Anna Komnene Palaiologina
- Anna of Savoy
- Anna Angelina Palaiologina
- Anna Synadene
- Antoninus Pius
- Arcadius
- Ariadne
- Aurelian
- Balbinus
- Barlaam of Seminara
- Basil I the Macedonian
- Basil II
- Basil Vatatzes
- Caligula
- Caracalla
- Catherine Tarchaneiotes
- Chandrenos
- Claudius II Gothicus
- Commodus
- Constans I
- Constans II
- Constantine the Great
- Constantine II
- Constantine III
- Constantine IV
- Constantine IX Monomachos
- Constantine Palaiologos
- Constantine Palamas
- Constantine V
- Constantine VI
- Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
- Constantine VIII
- Constantius I Chlorus
- Constantius II
- Decius
- Demetrios Doukas Komnenos Koutroules
- Demetrios Palaiologos
- Didius Julianus
- Diocletian
- Domitian
- Irene Angelina
- Irene of Montferrat
- Irene Doukaina
- Irene Palaiologina
- Eirene Komnene Kantakouzene Palaiologina Asanina
- Elagabalus
- Syrgiannes the Elder
- Eudokia Angelina
- Eudokia Angelina
- Eudokia Makrembolitissa
- Eudokia Palaiologina Tzamplakonissa
- Eugenia Palaiologina Kantakouzene
- Euphrosyne Synadene
- Galerius
- Gallienus
- George Palaiologos
- George Palaiologos
- Geta
- Gordian I
- Gordian II
- Gordian III
- Gregory Palamas
- Hadrian
- Helena Kantakouzene
- Heraclius
- Heraklonas
- John Apokaukos
- John Asanes
- John Doukas (sebastokrator)
- John Doukas Angelos Palaiologos Raoul Laskaris Tornikes Philanthropenos Asen
- John Doukas
- John II Komnenos
- John III Doukas Vatatzes
- John IV Laskaris
- John Komnenos
- John Komnenos Angelos
- John Synadenos
- John Doukas Vatatzes
- Irene of Athens
- Irene Asanina
- Irene Angelina
- Irene Laskarina
- Isaac Angelos Doukas
- Isaac I Komnenos
- Isaac II Angelos
- Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)
- Isaac Komnenos Doukas
- Isaac Doukas Vatatzes
- Isabelle de Lusignan
- Ivan Rostyslavych Berladnik
- John I Tzimiskes
- John VI Kantakouzenos
- John Koukouzelis
- John Palaiologos
- John V Palaiologos
- John XIV Kalekas
- Jovian
- Julian the Apostate
- Julius Constantius
- Justin I
- Justin II
- Justinian I
- Justinian II
- Kalloni Palamas
- Constantine Angelos
- Constantine Palaiologos
- Constantine Angelos Palaiologos
- Constantine Palaiologos Asen
- Constantine Palaiologos
- Constantine X Doukas
- Leo I the Thracian
- Leo II
- Leo III the Isaurian
- Leo IV the Khazar
- Leo V the Armenian
- Leo VI the Wise
- Leontius
- Licinius
- Lucius Verus
- Macrinus
- Manuel Erotikos Komnenos
- Manuel I Komnenos
- Manuel Kantakouzenos
- Manuel Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)
- Manuel Apokaukos
- Manuel Komnenos Raoul Asanes
- Manuel Palaiologos
- Marcian
- Marcus Aurelius
- Maria Doukaina Komnene Branaina Palaiologina
- Maria Kantakouzene
- Maria of Alania
- Matthew Asen Kantakouzenos
- Matthew Blastares
- Maurice (emperor)
- Maximinus Thrax
- Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes
- Michael I Rangabe
- Michael II the Amorian
- Michael III
- Michael IV the Paphlagonian
- Michael IX Palaiologos
- Michael Kantakouzenos
- Michael Komnenos Tornikes Palaiologos Asanes
- Michael Palaiologos
- Michael Palaiologos
- Michael V Kalaphates
- Michael VI Bringas
- Michael VII Doukas
- Michael VIII Palaiologos
- Nero
- Nerva
- Nikephoros Gregoras
- Nikephoros I
- Nikephoros II Phokas
- Nikephoros III Botaneiates
- Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos
- Nikephoros Kantakouzenos
- Nikephoros Palaiologos
- Otho
- Pertinax
- Philip the Arab
- Philippicus
- Phocas
- Probus
- Pupienus
- Rita of Armenia (Maria)
- Romanos I Lekapenos
- Romanos II
- Romanos III Argyros
- Romanos IV Diogenes
- Septimius Severus
- Staurakios
- Syrgiannes Palaiologos Philanthropenos
- Tarchaneiotissa
- Theodora Palaiologina
- Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
- Theodora Palaiologina
- Theodora Porphyrogenita
- Theodora Kantakouzene
- Theodora Komnene
- Theodora Palaiologina Angelina Kantakouzene
- Theodora Syrgiannaina
- Theodore I Laskaris
- Theodore II Laskaris
- Theodosius I the Great
- Theodosius II
- Theodosius III
- Theodote Glabaina Tarchaneiotissa
- Theophilos
- Tiberius II Constantine
- Tiberius III
- Titus
- Trajan
- Trebonianus Gallus
- Valens
- Valentinian I
- Valerian
- Vespasian
- Vitellius
- Zeno
- Zoe Porphyrogenita
- Constantine II of Armenia
- Anna Komnene Doukaina Palaiologina Asanina
- Anna Palaiologina
- John Synadenos
- Theodora Palaiologina Synadene
- John III Megas Komnenos
- Komnene
- Michael Megas Komnenos