Jerusalem

In 1337 the city had been Mamluk for nearly eighty years, and its rulers were building all around the edges of the Temple Mount: the governor Tankiz had just opened the Cotton Market, with a new gate into the sanctuary, and madrasas, hospitals and fountains followed until Sultan Qaytbay's madrasa of 1482, the last great Mamluk work in the city. Latin Christians returned under the same rulers. Around 1333 the Franciscans bought the Cenacle on Mount Zion, the room of the Last Supper, with money from the king and queen of Naples, and in 1342 Pope Clement VI made them the custodians of the Holy Places.

The Ottomans took Jerusalem in 1516, and under Suleiman the Magnificent it enjoyed a spell of renewal and peace inside the new walls he raised. The friars lost the Cenacle, which was turned into a mosque, and by 1551 had moved their house to a former Georgian convent in the northwest of the city. After Suleiman the city stagnated. In 1703 its notables, joined by peasants and Bedouin, rose against a governor's crushing taxes and held Jerusalem for two years, and the imperial army that ended the revolt left thousands of troops behind, draining what trade remained.