Egypt

The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, ruled from Cairo, was set up in 1250 by slave-soldiers who overthrew the last Ayyubid heir. In 1337 al-Nasir Muhammad was in his third reign, the sultanate's high point.

The Black Death reached Egypt in 1347. Barquq founded the Circassian Burji line in 1382, and Barsbay made King Janus of Cyprus a vassal in 1426. Al-Ghuri was killed at Marj Dabiq in 1516 and Cairo fell to Selim I in 1517. Napoleon occupied Egypt from 1798 to 1801, and Muhammad Ali seized power in 1805.