al-Nasir Muhammad

Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1285–1341) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, enthroned three times between 1293 and 1341 and the dynasty's longest-ruling sultan. Put on the throne at eight after his brother al-Ashraf Khalil's murder, he was ruler in name only: the emir Kitbugha deposed him in 1294, and in 1309 he withdrew to al-Karak rather than live under the emirs Baybars and Salar.

Egyptians clamoured for his return, and in 1310 he came back determined to rule alone, executing Baybars and arresting Salar, who died in prison. He abolished the emirs' surcharges on commoners, made peace with the Ilkhanids in 1322, and in 1330 sent away French envoys who had asked him for Jerusalem.

He rebuilt much of the Cairo Citadel and renovated over thirty mosques. He died in 1341; eight of his sons reigned.