Christianity

Christianity in western Europe underwent a major upheaval after Martin Luther published his Ninety-five Theses in 1517. The Reformation spread from Saxony, while Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin developed reform movements in Switzerland.

In England and Scotland, Thomas Cranmer and John Knox led separate reformations. The Catholic Church responded at the Council of Trent, and the religious divisions contributed to wars across Europe. From the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, missionaries, migration and trade carried Christianity beyond Europe.