Liángchéng

Liangcheng lay north of the Great Wall, on the grasslands between the Datong approaches and the Mongolian steppe, where farmland gave way to pasture. In the early Qing the area was Chahar pastureland, grazed by Chahar Mongols. From the middle Qing onward, banner and civil jurisdictions existed side by side there, governing Mongol and Han residents through different institutions. Farming and herding met across this transition zone between the northern steppe and the agricultural lands to the south.