Guohuo

Guohuo was a Yuan outpost on Sakhalin, established during campaigns against Ainu communities in the late thirteenth century. Its site is identified with an earthwork near the island's southern tip, overlooking the strait towards Hokkaido. Warfare was followed by tributary exchanges at posts farther north, where Ainu visitors received gifts in return for offerings. These contacts formed part of the island's wider networks linking the Amur, Sakhalin and lands across the sea.