Zaydī

Zaydī rule took root in Yemen when al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya established an imamate at Sa'dah around 893. In northern Iran the Karkiya dynasty ruled eastern Gilan from the 1370s until 1592; Zaydis in the Caspian region were forcibly converted to Twelver Shiism in the sixteenth century.

In Yemen al-Mansur al-Qasim proclaimed an imamate in 1597 against Ottoman rule. His successor al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad captured Sana'a in 1628, and by 1636 the Ottomans had left Yemen.