Wahhābī

The Wahhabi movement arose in Najd under Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who formed a pact with the ruler of Diriyah, Muhammad ibn Saud, in 1744. Their alliance spread his teachings alongside the expansion of the first Saudi state.

Saudi forces took Mecca and Medina after entering the Hejaz in 1803, challenging Ottoman authority over the holy cities. In 1818 Egyptian forces acting for the Ottoman sultan captured Diriyah, ending the first Saudi state; its surviving adherents and the Saud family founded a second state in 1824.