Ḵalwātī

Yahya Shirvani helped spread the Khalwati order from Baku and composed a devotional text used by many of its branches. Under the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II, who came to the throne in 1481, the order gained adherents among officials and soldiers.

Chelebi Khalifa moved its center from Amasya to Istanbul, where a former church became a lodge. In the seventeenth century the Khalwati poet Niyazi al-Misri spoke against the government and addressed a wider public.