Ja'farī

Within Ja'farī jurisprudence, the Akhbari movement grew from the writings of Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi, who died in 1627. Akhbaris challenged jurists' independent reasoning and emphasized the transmitted sayings of the Imams.

In the late eighteenth century, Muhammad Baqir Behbahani led a counterargument at Karbala and Najaf. His Usuli school, which upheld independent legal reasoning and the scrutiny of reports, gained predominance among Twelver scholars.