Ash'arī

Ash'arī theology developed further through scholars such as al-Ghazali, who was appointed to the Nizamiyya of Baghdad in 1091. After a spiritual crisis he left Baghdad in 1095 and wrote works including The Revival of the Religious Sciences.

The fourteenth-century scholar Ibn Khaldun was also associated with Ash'arism. His Muqaddimah influenced Ottoman historians including Katip Çelebi in the seventeenth century, as they considered the rise and decline of states.