Pietism

Pietism took shape within German Lutheranism when Philipp Spener began holding Bible meetings in his Frankfurt house about 1670. His Pia Desideria of 1675 urged small study groups within the church, a larger role for the laity and a faith shown in conduct.

August Hermann Francke founded the Halle orphanage in 1695, making Halle the movement's centre. His pupil Count Zinzendorf revived the Moravian Church in 1727.