Islam

Islam spread along Southeast Asian trade routes, with Malacca becoming a center from which the faith traveled to other ports. Sufi orders carried it to Mindanao around 1380, while Muslim traders and missionaries reached the Cham in Vietnam.

In the west, the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 brought the Byzantine capital under Muslim rule. In the sixteenth century, Safavid conversion policies helped establish Shia Islam across much of Iran and Azerbaijan, while the Ottomans extended their rule into Hungary.