Pamplona

The feuding ended in 1423, when Charles III the Noble issued the Privilege of the Union, which made the three boroughs one city with one council, tore down the walls between them and forbade any fortification inside the town; the ditch that had divided them was filled in to make a common square. Navarre's independence did not last another century. In 1512 troops sent by Ferdinand the Catholic under the Duke of Alba occupied Pamplona, and when a Navarrese and French army retook it in May 1521, one of the castle's defenders, Ignatius of Loyola, was struck by a cannonball, the wound that set him on the road to founding the Jesuits. The Castilians were soon back, and from 1569 Philip II ringed the city with new bastioned walls and a star-shaped citadel on its southern side, built as much to watch the townspeople as to guard the frontier.