Lumajang

Lumajang lies in eastern Java beneath the volcanic heights of Semeru, with fertile land stretching toward the southern coast. The Mula Malurung inscription of 1255 names a ruler of the region, Nararyya Kirana Sminingrat, and reveals a place already woven into the politics of the Javanese courts.

Arya Wiraraja of Madura helped Raden Wijaya establish Majapahit in 1293. In return, Wijaya granted him the eastern part of Java, with Lumajang as a centre of his domain. The eastern lands later developed a court of their own, whose rivalry with Majapahit's western court led to the Regreg succession war of 1404–1406. King Hayam Wuruk had visited the region during his journey in 1359, recorded in the court poem Nagarakretagama. Lumajang's position thus joined the history of the Brantas valley kingdom to the lands toward Balambangan and the eastern seas.