Karpenísi

Karpenisi's mountain setting made it a centre of both learning and armed resistance under Ottoman rule. Local inhabitants joined the uprisings of 1600 and 1611. Between 1645 and 1661, Eugenios Giannoulas's school helped give the town a reputation as a cultural centre despite the insecurity of the period.

In 1684 the armatolos Livinis rebelled and won a victory near Goliani. Venetian forces later plundered Karpenisi, and the settlement returned to Ottoman rule after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Its strategic position in central Roumeli again mattered during the Greek Revolution of 1821: local captains proclaimed revolt, suffered defeat and then regrouped to expel the Ottoman forces. In August 1823 Markos Botsaris was killed fighting at nearby Kefalovryso. Karpenisi's early modern history was therefore shaped by a succession of schools, local military leaders and campaigns that connected this inland town with the larger struggles of Greece.