Karlovac

Karlovac was founded as a fortress among the rivers of Croatia, close to the meeting of the Kupa and Korana. Its six bastions and earthen ramparts form a star around a planned town of straight streets and a central square. Named for Archduke Charles II of Austria, it became a principal stronghold of the Military Frontier facing the Ottomans.

Construction began in 1579, following a decision to strengthen the defence of the Habsburg lands. Surrounded by a moat, Karlovac served as a command and supply centre and withstood Ottoman attacks. After the Peace of Karlowitz in 1699, its role gradually changed. The navigable Kupa and new roads towards the Adriatic, including the Karolina and Josephina roads, helped merchants carry goods between the coast and the interior. The town grew beyond its military origins as trade and crafts developed.