Kalyani

Kalyani, now Basavakalyan, retained the fort of an old Deccan capital long after its Western Chalukya rulers and Basava's twelfth-century religious community had passed. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, possession of the fortress became part of the struggle between the Deccan sultanates and the Mughal Empire.

In 1657 Aurangzeb's forces advanced on Kalyani after taking Bidar. The defenders fired from the walls and made sorties against the besiegers, while a Bijapur relief army assembled nearby. Aurangzeb defeated that force, allowing the siege to continue. Mughal artillery eventually broke the parapets, and troops entered the fort on 1 August. Shah Jahan then ordered peace negotiations, interrupting the planned advance deeper into Bijapur territory. The settlement included the cession of Kalyani, although the wider agreement soon met resistance. This campaign turned an ancient seat of kingship into a contested frontier fortress in the final years before Aurangzeb's accession.