Harlingen

Harlingen stands on the Frisian coast beside navigable channels through the Wadden Sea. Fishing and shipping sustained the town, though the shallow waters limited the size of vessels that could reach its harbour. During the struggles between the Schieringers and Vetkopers, Franeker forces seized Harlingen in 1496; two years later Duke Albert of Saxony landed here and began strengthening its defences.

Religious refugees, including Mennonites, settled in Harlingen during the Dutch Revolt. The town expanded repeatedly, and in 1597 new earthen fortifications and harbours replaced its older walls. The Admiralty of Friesland moved here from Dokkum in 1645. Merchants imported grain, timber and naval supplies from the Baltic and exported Frisian butter, cheese and livestock, linking the harbour to both its rural hinterland and distant markets.