Chinantlan
Chinantlan lay in the mountainous country of northern Oaxaca, where rivers descend toward the Papaloapan basin. The lordship of the Gran Chinantla was one of several centres of Chinantec-speaking peoples, whose communities occupied both the high sierra and the warmer lowlands. Under Spanish rule the district was reorganized with neighbouring Usila and Tuxtepec; cotton textiles became an important part of exchange across the region.