Bone

Rice fields spread across the coastal plain of Bone, the heartland of a Bugis kingdom on the eastern side of Sulawesi's southwestern peninsula. Its royal house traced its descent to a heavenly stranger received at Matajang, and its rulers bore the title Arumpone. Alongside the throne stood the Ade' Pitu, a council of seven lords who advised the ruler and helped govern the kingdom. From a cluster of settlements near the gulf, Bone extended its authority across the surrounding plain and into the neighbouring hills.

In the late sixteenth century, Bone allied with Wajo and Soppeng against the expanding power of Gowa. The alliance could not prevent Gowa's conquest in 1611, which compelled Bone to accept Islam. Half a century later, the exiled Bugis prince Arung Palakka found an ally in the Dutch East India Company. His followers fought beside Company forces in the Makassar War of 1666-1669, ending Gowa's supremacy. Arung Palakka took the throne of Bone in 1672; backed by the Dutch garrison at Makassar, he became the dominant ruler of the peninsula, intervening in the succession and government of neighbouring kingdoms.