Berwyn Range

The Berwyn range rises between the valleys of northeastern Wales, its broad moorland tops and steep eastern crags forming a barrier between neighbouring communities. Routes through the valleys and over the passes made travel possible, but exposed high ground could be difficult in bad weather.

In 1165 Henry II led an army through the Ceiriog valley against an alliance of Welsh princes led by Owain Gwynedd. Welsh forces fought the invading army in the valley, but the campaign ended without a pitched battle against the main Welsh force. Heavy rain and wind in the Berwyns, together with difficulties supplying the army, forced Henry to withdraw.