Samma

The Samma dynasty ruled Sindh from Samanagar, later Thatta. The Sammas were a pastoral Sindhi tribe counted among the Jats, whose chiefs converted to Islam. The traveller Ibn Battuta witnessed their revolt under Jam Tamachi in 1333; after overthrowing the Soomra, the Samma chief Jam Unar founded an independent sultanate in 1351. Its rulers took the title Jam, meaning king, and claimed descent from the legendary Jamshid.

Firuz Shah Tughlaq's campaigns in 1365 and 1367 briefly forced them under Delhi. The sultanate regained independence and reached its height under Jam Nizamuddin II, known as Jam Nindho, who reigned from 1461 to 1508. His vizier Darya Khan defeated an Arghun invasion near Sibi, and the Makli necropolis at Thatta took shape.

A succession war followed Nizamuddin's death. In 1519 Shah Beg Arghun defeated the last Jam, Feruz, at Fatehpur and replaced Samma rule with his dynasty.