Scottish

The Picts and the Gaels founded the Kingdom of Alba in the ninth century, and over the next two centuries the Cumbrians of Strathclyde and the Angles of Northumbria came under its rule. Norman nobles settled in the Lowlands in the twelfth century, the Norse-Gaels of the Western Isles were absorbed in the thirteenth, and the Norse of the Northern Isles in the fifteenth.

Scotland defeated the English at Bannockburn in 1314 and had its independence recognized in 1328. The crowns of Scotland and England were united in 1603, and the kingdoms merged in 1707.