Andean

Andean peoples ranged from southern Colombia through Ecuador and Peru to northern Chile, along the Andes and on Peru's desert coast. They domesticated potatoes, peppers, manioc and coca, wove fine textiles and built monumental architecture. Caral dates to about 3500 BCE; later came Chavin, Moche, Nazca, Wari and Tiwanaku, and the coastal kingdom of Chimor, which lasted until about 1470.

Around 1230 the Kingdom of Cuzco arose in the highlands. From 1438 the Incas bound most Andean cultures into Tahuantinsuyu, the largest empire the Americas had seen. Spanish conquerors arrived in the sixteenth century and brought the Andes under the Spanish crown.