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The Karitiana are a Tupian people of the western Amazon in Rondônia, Brazil, occupying lands south of Porto Velho on tributaries of the Madeira. They lived by farming, fishing and hunting in villages that long remained beyond European reach.

Their language, Karitiâna, belongs to the Arikém branch of the Tupi family and is its only surviving member, the related Arikém and Kabixiâna tongues having since died out. The first Western contacts with them are thought to date to the 1600s, but no lasting or recorded contact followed for centuries.