Xumanos

The Xumanos were one or more Indigenous peoples of western Texas, New Mexico and northern Mexico, especially around La Junta de los Ríos. Spanish records used the name for groups across a wide area.

Spanish explorers recorded encounters in 1581. Facing Apache pressure, Xumano leader Juan Sabeata sought alliances with Europeans in the 1680s; by 1729 the Spanish called the Xumanos and Apaches Apache Jumanos. Disease, warfare and the slave trade reduced their numbers, and by 1750 survivors had largely been absorbed into other peoples.