Westphalia

Westphalia was a French client kingdom in Germany, created in 1807 for Napoleon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte. Its territory lay mostly east of the region that gave it its name.

Its constitution introduced French-style administration, and in 1808 the kingdom granted Jews equal rights. Napoleon's demands for taxes and soldiers strained the state; few of its men returned from the invasion of Russia in 1812. Allied armies overran the kingdom in 1813, ending Jérôme's reign.