Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian state ruled from Florence. Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence, conquered Siena in 1555 and brought nearly all Tuscany under his control. Pope Pius V made him grand duke in 1569.

The Medici ruled until their senior line died out in 1737, when Francis Stephen of Lorraine succeeded them. Napoleon later gave Tuscany to the Bourbon-Parma dynasty as the Kingdom of Etruria in 1801 and then annexed it to France; the grand duchy was restored in 1814.