Ottomans

The Ottomans were a Turkish beylik of northwestern Anatolia, founded around 1299 by Osman. In 1337 Orhan ruled from Bursa, taken in 1326, and that year captured Nicomedia from Byzantium.

Gallipoli fell in 1354, giving a foothold in Europe. Timur captured Bayezid I at Ankara in 1402, and civil war lasted until 1413. Mehmed II took Constantinople in 1453, Selim I annexed the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517, and Suleiman won at Mohács in 1526. The second siege of Vienna failed in 1683, and the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 began the retreat.