Tohono O'odham

The Tohono O'odham were communities of the Sonoran Desert, from the Gila River toward the Gulf of California. They moved between winter villages near mountain water and summer fields watered by seasonal rain.

From the late 17th century they faced Apache raids and growing Spanish pressure. In 1751 Luis Oacpicagigua helped unite O'odham groups against colonial rule, beginning the revolt at Sáric; he surrendered after negotiations in 1752 and died in Spanish custody in 1755. The Spanish later built presidios including Tubac to control the region.