Sokoto

Sokoto was a Sunni caliphate in West Africa founded by the Fulani scholar Usman dan Fodio. After the ruler of Gobir attempted to kill him, Usman and his followers moved to Gudu in 1804 and began a jihad against the Hausa rulers.

By 1808 his forces controlled Hausaland and neighbouring states. The caliphate joined many emirates under the authority of the commander of the faithful; Usman later passed practical leadership to his son Muhammad Bello.