Pannai

Pannai was a Buddhist kingdom in the Panai and Barumun river valleys of eastern Sumatra, facing the Strait of Malacca. Formerly within the Srivijayan mandala, it later became a vassal of Dharmasraya.

A Majapahit naval campaign secured Pannai in 1339. The Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365, still named it among the Sumatran kingdoms under Majapahit influence. The kingdom then disappeared from the records. Upstream at Padanglawas stand Vajrayana brick temples, including Bahal.