Pagarruyung

Pagarruyung was a Minangkabau kingdom in the highlands of western Sumatra. Adityawarman, associated with the rise of its dynasty, proclaimed himself king of Malayapura in 1347; his inscriptions place his rule near Pagarruyung, though their early relationship remains uncertain.

Islam spread through the region from the sixteenth century. Pagarruyung acknowledged Acehnese sovereignty in the early seventeenth century, then rebelled in 1665. During the Padri War, a royal relative and traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch in 1821; the Dutch treated it as the kingdom's submission.