Normandy
Normandy was a French duchy centred on Rouen, founded when King Charles the Simple granted land to the Viking Rollo in 911. In 1337 its duke was John, son of King Philip VI.
During the Hundred Years' War Henry V took Caen in 1417 and starved Rouen into surrender in 1419. Charles VII recovered Rouen in 1449; the Battle of Formigny destroyed the last English field army in Normandy in 1450. The duchy was briefly granted again as an appanage in 1465, then returned to the royal domain after 1469.