Nepal

Nepal was a Himalayan kingdom built through the expansion of Gorkha under the Shah dynasty. Prithvi Narayan Shah took the Gorkha throne in 1743, conquered the kingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley and made Kathmandu his capital in 1768.

Nepalese forces later invaded Tibet, bringing a Chinese and Tibetan counterattack in 1792. The Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–1816 ended in defeat by the East India Company; the Treaty of Sugauli preserved Nepal's independence but required territorial concessions.