Makuria

Makuria was a Nubian kingdom on the Nile, ruled from Dongola. Mamluk Egypt installed a Muslim king in 1316, after which Christian and Muslim rulers alternated amid Bedouin pressure and plague.

Civil war cost Makuria Dongola in 1365, forcing its rulers to withdraw to Gebel Adda and Qasr Ibrim. Its last recorded king, Joel, appears around 1463. The kingdom disappeared in the late fifteenth century, and by 1523 Dongola belonged to the Funj sultanate of Sennar.