Greece

Greece emerged as an independent state from revolt against the Ottoman Empire. In 1337 Greek lands were divided among Byzantine and Latin rulers after the Fourth Crusade.

The revolt began in 1821, and the assembly at Epidaurus established a central government in 1822. British, French and Russian fleets destroyed the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino in 1827. Independence was recognised in 1830; after Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias was assassinated in 1831, the powers established a kingdom under Otto of Bavaria in 1832.