Jochi

The Ulus of Jochi, or Golden Horde, was a Mongol realm centered on Sarai on the lower Volga. In 1337 Özbeg Khan ruled an empire that had gradually Turkicized and whose Rus' princes paid tribute; he had made Islam its state religion.

The Great Troubles after 1359 shattered its unity. Tokhtamysh briefly restored the Horde, but Timur invaded in 1395. The khanates of Kazan, Crimea and Astrakhan later broke away; the Great Horde's confrontation with Moscow on the Ugra in 1480 ended Moscow's tribute, and its remaining power was destroyed in 1502.