Finland

Finland was the eastern part of the Kingdom of Sweden before becoming an autonomous grand duchy under Russia. In 1581 King John III adopted the title Grand Duke of Finland, but the title brought no separate autonomy.

Russia invaded in 1808 during the Finnish War. At the Diet of Porvoo in 1809, Alexander I promised to uphold Finland's laws and religion; the Treaty of Fredrikshamn later that year transferred the territory from Sweden to Russia. In 1812 the grand duchy acquired Old Finland, territory previously ceded by Sweden to Russia.