Crimea

The Crimean Khanate was a Tatar state founded by Haji I Giray as the Golden Horde broke apart. In 1441 he struck coins at Chufut-Kale, a date often taken as the beginning of his khanate; his dynasty fought rival steppe rulers for control of Crimea.

Sahib I Giray made Bakhchysarai his residence in 1532, establishing the khanate's later capital. The 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca guaranteed non-interference by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but Russia annexed Crimea in 1783.