Aq Qoyunlu

The Aq Qoyunlu were a Turkoman confederation led by the Bayandur clan, whose principality grew around Amid in eastern Anatolia. Timur rewarded its leader Qara Osman with the city in 1400, and it became the confederation's capital.

Uzun Hasan defeated the rival Qara Qoyunlu in 1467 and moved his capital to Tabriz after conquering much of Iran. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed II defeated him at Otlukbeli in 1473. Civil wars weakened his successors, and the Safavid Ismail I defeated the Aq Qoyunlu in 1501, taking their remaining territories over the following years.