William the Lion

William the Lion (c. 1142–1214), younger brother of Malcolm IV, inherited Northumbria but lost it to Henry II in 1157 and became king in 1165. He made Scotland’s first treaty with France in 1168, and while backing a revolt against Henry II was captured at Alnwick in 1174.

The Treaty of Falaise made him Henry’s vassal until Richard I released those terms in 1189. In 1186 he married Ermengarde de Beaumont, mother of Alexander II; he founded Arbroath Abbey and died in 1214.