Robert II of France

Robert II, called the Pious (c. 972–1031), the only son of Hugh Capet, was crowned co-king in 987 and ruled alone from 996 as the second Capetian king of the Franks. Educated by Gerbert of Aurillac, he put aside his first wife Rozala, while his second marriage to his kinswoman Bertha ended after church opposition.

As sole king he maintained alliances with Normandy and Anjou against Odo II of Blois. After a long war against Otto-William he secured the Duchy of Burgundy in 1005, and in 1022 he had heretics burned at Orléans, the first such execution recorded in medieval France. His last years were shaken by the revolts of his sons Henry and Robert from 1025.