Henry VII of England

Henry VII (1457–1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first Tudor king of England. Through his mother Margaret Beaufort, a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, he held a Lancastrian claim. He spent fourteen years exiled in Brittany and in 1483 pledged to marry Elizabeth of York.

In 1485 he landed in Wales and met Richard III at Bosworth. He won when the Stanleys changed sides; Richard was killed, and Henry became the last king to win his crown in battle. Crowned in 1485, he married Elizabeth in 1486, uniting Lancaster and York. Simnel was set to kitchen work and Warbeck executed.

The Star Chamber curbed the nobility, and he married his son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon and his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland. Arthur died in 1502, Queen Elizabeth in 1503; Henry died of tuberculosis in 1509, and Henry VIII executed his tax collectors Empson and Dudley.